Sleep and wakefulness are promoted not by a single neural pathway but via wake or sleep-promoting nodes distributed across layers of the brain.We equate each layer with a brain region in proposing a layered subsumption model for arousal based on a computational architecture.Beyond the brainstem the layers include the diencephalon (hypothalamus, tha
Leaves are flat determinate organs derived from indeterminate shoot apical meristems.The presence here of a specific leaf meristem is debated, as anatomical features typical of meristems are not present in leaves.Here we demonstrate that multiple NGATHA (NGA) and CINCINNATA-class-TCP (CIN-TCP) transcription factors act redundantly, shortly after le
Background: The history of engineering education perpetuates a cultural inertia favoring dominant groups.Engineering education research on broadening participation implies a change towards a desired outcome: increased diversity, equity, and inclusion in the engineering profession.However, many research canon imageclass mf227dw designs focus on know
The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals.Five completely distinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India.While there is convincing evidence that population divergence in M.elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in